Mecanismos neurológicos involucrados en la escoliosis idiopática. Revisión sistemática de la literatura / Neurological mechanisms involved in idiopathic scoliosis. Systematic review of the literature

La literatura que explica los mecanismos neurológicos que subyacen al desarrollo o a la compensación de la escoliosis idiopática es limitada. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir e integrar los mecanismos y las vías nerviosas por medio de las cuales se compensa y/o se desarrolla la escoliosis idiopática. Se realizó una revisión sistemática narrativa en diferentes bases de datos sobre los estudios publicados entre el 1 de enero 1967 y el 1 de abril de 2021, empleando los siguientes términos: «scoliosis», «vision», «ocular», «vestibule», «labyrinth», «posture», «balance», «eye movements», «cerebellum», «proprioception» y «physiological adaptation». En la búsqueda se identificaron 1.112 referencias, de las cuales al final se incluyeron 50: 46 estudios clínicos observacionales analítico-descriptivos (entre cohortes, reporte y serie de casos) y 4 estudios experimentales. En la respuesta neurológica a la escoliosis idiopática, la integración sensitivo-cortical de las aferencias visual-oculomotor-vestibular-propioceptiva permite realizar modificaciones a nivel postural con el fin de lograr una compensación inicial sobre el balance sagital y el centro de masa; sin embargo, con el tiempo dicho mecanismo de compensación puede agotarse y causar progresión de la deformidad inicial. (AU)

The literature that explains the neurological mechanisms underlying the development or compensation of idiopathic scoliosis is limited. The objective of the article is to describe and integrate the mechanisms and nerve pathways through which idiopathic scoliosis is compensated and/or developed. A narrative systematic review in different databases of the studies published between January 1, 1967 and April 1, 2021 was performed, using the following terms: «scoliosis», «vision», «eye», «vestibule», «labyrinth», «posture», «balance», «eye movements», «cerebellum», «proprioception», and «physiological adaptation». In the search, 1112 references were identified, of which 50 were finally included: 46 observational analytical clinical studies-descriptive (between cohorts, report and series of cases) and 4 experimental studies. In the neurological response to idiopathic scoliosis, the sensory-cortical integration of the afferences in the visual-oculomotor-vestibular-proprioceptive systems, allows modifications at the postural level in order to achieve an initial compensation on the sagittal balance and the centre of body mass; however, over time these compensation mechanisms may be exhausted causing progression of the initial deformity. (AU)

Neurological mechanisms involved in idiopathic scoliosis. Systematic review of the literature.

The literature that explains the neurological mechanisms underlying the development or compensation of idiopathic scoliosis is limited. The objective of the article is to describe and integrate the mechanisms and nerve pathways through which idiopathic scoliosis is compensated and/or developed. A narrative systematic review in different databases of the studies published between January 1, 1967 and April 1, 2021 was performed, using the following terms: "scoliosis", "vision", "eye", "vestibule", "labyrinth" "posture", "balance", "eye movements", "cerebellum", "proprioception", and "physiological adaptation". In the search, 1112 references were identified, of which 50 were finally included: 46 observational analytical clinical studies-descriptive (between cohorts, report and series of cases) and 4 experimental studies. In the neurological response to idiopathic scoliosis, the sensory-cortical integration of the afferences in the visual-oculomotor-vestibular-proprioceptive systems, allows modifications at the postural level in order to achieve an initial compensation on the sagittal balance and the centre of body mass; however, over time these compensation mechanisms may be exhausted causing progression of the initial deformity.

Articulación facetaria lumbar: correlación anatómica, clínica e imagenológica / Lumbar facet joint: anatomical, clinical and imaging correlation

El dolor facetario lumbar es una de las principales causas de dolor lumbar; representa alrededor del 15-56%. La articulación facetaria estabiliza la columna vertebral, tiene un rol fundamental en el soporte, distribución del peso y regulación de los movimientos rotacionales de la columna. Por ello, el conocimiento de la anatomía y de la biomecánica de esta articulación ayuda a tener una mejor comprensión de su participación en la fisiopatología del dolor lumbar y, por ende, mejora su abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico. Nosotros revisamos aquí los conceptos actuales de embriología, anatomía, biomecánica y la correlación clínica/imagenológica de los cambios asociados a la enfermedad degenerativa facetaria de la columna lumbar.

Low back pain is a very common reason for emergency room consultation, it is found in approximately 60% of adults, and, within it, facet lumbar pain is one of the main causes, accounting for about 15-56% of low back pain cases. The facet joint stabilizes the spine, helps to distribute loads and has a fundamental role in support, weight distribution, and rotational movements regulation of the spine. Consequently, knowledge of the anatomy and biomechanics of this joint is helpful to have a better understanding of their contribution to the low back pain pathophysiology and, therefore, improving diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This paper aims to review the current concepts of embryology, anatomy, biomechanics, and clinical/imaging correlation of the changes associated with lumbar degenerative facet disease